Strength training in the lower limbs of soccer players / Treinamento de força nos membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol / Entrenamiento de fuerza en las extremidades inferiores de los futbolistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: The isometric weight training method combines the benefits of physical endurance and hypertrophy. This teaching method performs the isometric exercise with the appropriate body weight. Objective: Study the effects of isometric training with weights on soccer players' explosive strength of the lower limbs. Methods: Twenty soccer players were randomly selected and divided equally into experimental and control groups. The real training situation of the athletes was used. The experimental group adopted the isometrics teaching method with weight, while the control group used conventional muscle strength training. The lower limb strength of the two groups of athletes was compared before and after the experiment. Results: The extensor force growth rate in the experimental groups was significantly increased at medium, high and low speeds, while the peak torque did not show significant changes. The soccer players had their muscle strength improved. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Isometric weight training significantly improves mid and fast-extensor muscle strength in young soccer players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O método de ensino por isometria com peso combina os benefícios de resistência física e hipertrofia. Este método de ensino executa o exercício isométrico com o peso corporal adequado. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos do treinamento isométrico com pesos sobre a força explosiva dos membros inferiores nos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Selecionou-se 20 jogadores de futebol por amostragem aleatória, divididos igualmente em grupo experimental e controle. Utilizou-se a situação real de treino dos atletas. O grupo experimental adotou o método de ensino por isometria com peso enquanto o grupo de controle utilizou o treinamento convencional de força muscular. A força dos membros inferiores dos dois grupos de atletas foi comparada antes e após o experimento. Resultado: A taxa de crescimento da força extensora nos grupos experimentais foi significativamente aumentada em velocidades médias, altas e baixas, enquanto o torque de pico não apresentou alterações significativas. Os jogadores de futebol tiveram sua força muscular aprimorada. Houve uma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos (P<0,05). Conclusão: O treinamento isométrico com pesos melhora significativamente a força muscular extensora média e rápida nos jovens jogadores de futebol. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El método de enseñanza por isometría con peso combina los beneficios de la resistencia física y la hipertrofia. Este método de enseñanza realiza el ejercicio isométrico con el peso corporal adecuado. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del entrenamiento isométrico con pesas sobre la fuerza explosiva de los miembros inferiores en jugadores de fútbol. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 20 jugadores de fútbol por muestreo aleatorio, divididos por igual en grupo experimental y grupo de control. Se utilizó la situación real de entrenamiento de los atletas. El grupo experimental adoptó el método de enseñanza por isometría con peso, mientras que el grupo de control utilizó el entrenamiento de fuerza muscular convencional. Se comparó la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores de los dos grupos de atletas antes y después del experimento. Resultados: La tasa de crecimiento de la fuerza extensora en los grupos experimentales aumentó significativamente a velocidades medias, altas y bajas, mientras que el par máximo no mostró cambios significativos. Los jugadores de fútbol mejoraron su fuerza muscular. Hubo una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos (P<0,05). Conclusión: El entrenamiento isométrico con pesas mejora significativamente la fuerza de los músculos extensores medios y rápidos en jóvenes futbolistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Verification of detection method for multiple pathogens in plasma of convalescent patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To systematically verify the detection method for multiple pathogens in plasma of convalescent patients(CPs)with Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19).Methods According to the actual situation of plasma samples and the requirements of kit,the molecular biological detection method for multiple pathogens in plasma of CPs with COVID-19 was systematically verified for specificity,reproducibility,intermediate precision and limit of detection(LOD),and confirmed for applicability by detecting 50 plasma samples of CPs with COVID-19.Results The results of interference test and cross test showed that the detection of positive samples and negative samples were not affected;The RSDs of melting temperature values(Tm)of the positive control four pathogens by the same or different test personnels at different time under the same test conditions were 0.07%,0.14%,0.07%,0.14% and 0.06%,0.23%,0.23%,0.20%,and those of internal control(IC)and amplification control(AC)1 and 2 were 0.07%,0.01%,0.07%,0.14% and 0.11%,0.10%,0.15%,0.22%,respectively.Meanwhile,the RSDs of reproducibility and intermediate precision were less than 15% and20% respectively,which met the requirements;The minimum LOD of 22 pathogens were determined;No pathogen was detected in 50 plasma samples of CPs with COVID-19.Conclusion The method for detecting pathogens in plasma of CPs with COVID-19 was specific,stable,reliable and reproducible,which was suitable for the detection of pathogens in plasma of CPs with COVID-19.

Effects of environmental factors on refractive development of children and adolescents in different pubertal stages / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the effect of puberty on refractive development of children and adolescents and its interaction with outdoor activities, near work and the use of electronic products, so as to provide a reference for strategies for intervening myopia.@*Methods@#Cluster sampling method was used to select 776 students aged 7-13 from a nine year consistent school in Shanghai to participate and were followed up for 2 years. All participants underwent cycloplegic refraction and ocular axial length measurement once a year, as well as pubertal development, average daily outdoor time, near work time and time of electronic products usage. The influencing factors and interaction effects of refractive parameters in different puberty stages were analyzed by generalized estimation equation.@*Results@#At baseline, 634 children participated in cycloplegic refraction, of which 350 were myopic (55.2%). There were significant differences in axial length, average daily outdoor time, near work time and time of using electronic products at different stages of puberty ( F = 4.10 ，4.24，5.54，9.20， P <0.05). There was interaction between puberty and outdoor time on axial length development ( β =0.133, P < 0.05), and the interaction between puberty and the time of near work or using electronic products was not statistically significant ( P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#Puberty may play a regulatory role in the relationship between outdoor time and refractive development among Chinese children and adolescents.

Triple-negative breast cancer cells respond to T cells severely at the alternative splicing layer

BACKGROUND: Cross talk of tumor­immune cells at the gene expression level has been an area of intense research. However, it is largely unknown at the alternative splicing level which has been found to play important roles in the tumor­immune microenvironment. RESULTS: Here, we re-exploited one transcriptomic dataset to gain insight into tumor­immune interactions from the point of AS level. Our results showed that the AS profiles of triple-negative breast cancer cells co-cultured with activated T cells were significantly changed but not Estrogen receptor positive cells. We further suggested that the alteration in AS profiles in triple-negative breast cancer cells was largely caused by activated T cells rather than paracrine factors from activated T cells. Biological pathway analyses showed that translation initiation and tRNA aminoacylation pathways were most disturbed with T cell treatment. We also established an approach largely based on the AS factor­AS events associations and identified LSM7, an alternative splicing factor, may be responsible for the major altered events. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals the notable differences of response to T cells among breast cancer types which may facilitate the development or improvement of tumor immunotherapy.

Trdmt1 3'-untranslated region functions as a competing endogenous RNA in leukemia HL-60 cell differentiation

Severe blockage in myeloid differentiation is the hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Trdmt1 plays an important role in hematopoiesis. However, little is known about the function of Trdmt1 in AML cell differentiation. In the present study, Trdmt1 was up-regulated and miR-181a was down-regulated significantly during human leukemia HL-60 cell differentiation after TAT-CT3 fusion protein treatment. Accordingly, miR-181a overexpression in HL-60 cells inhibited granulocytic maturation. In addition, our "rescue" assay demonstrated that Trdmt1 3′-untranslated region promoted myeloid differentiation of HL-60 cells by sequestering miR-181a and up-regulating C/EBPα (a critical factor for normal myelopoiesis) via its competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) activity on miR-181a. These findings revealed an unrecognized role of Trdmt1 as a potential ceRNA for therapeutic targets in AML.

Controlled decompression alleviates early brain injury in rabbit intracranial hypertension model by regulating apoptosis/necroptosis

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the effects of controlled decompression and rapid decompression, explore the potential mechanism, provide the theoretical basis for the clinical application, and explore the new cell death method in intracranial hypertension. Methods Acute intracranial hypertension was triggered in rabbits by epidural balloon compression. New Zealand white rabbits were randomly put into the sham group, the controlled decompression group, and the rapid decompression group. Brain water content, etc., was used to evaluate early brain injury. Western blotting and double immunofluorescence staining were used to detect necroptosis and apoptosis. Results Brain edema, neurological dysfunction, and brain injury appeared after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Compared with rapid decompression, brain water content was significantly decreased, neurological scores were improved by controlled decompression treatment. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and Nissl staining showed neuron death decreased in the controlled decompression group. Compared with rapid decompression, it was also found that apoptosis-related protein caspase-3/ tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a was reduced markedly in the brain cortex and serum, and the expression levels of necroptosis-related protein, receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1)/receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP3) reduced significantly in the controlled decompression group. Conclusions Controlled decompression can effectively reduce neuronal damage and cerebral edema after craniocerebral injury and, thus, protect the brain tissue by alleviating necroptosis and apoptosis.

Impact of different myopia degree on sleep quality among adolescents in Baoshan District / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of myopia and sleep quality among adolescents in Baoshan District of Shanghai, and to further analyze the association between different degree of myopia on sleep quality.@*Methods@#A total of 777 adolescents aged 9-16 years were selected by stratified cluster random method, and ophthalmology examination and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Chinese version scale and related factors questionnaire were conducted.@*Results@#The prevalence rates of myopia and sleep disorders were 68.08% and 13.77% respectively in Baoshan District of Shanghai. With the increase of age and grade, the prevalence of myopia and sleep disorder increased(χ 2=139.58, 114.17；58.00, 56.41, P＜0.01).There were significant differences in sleep disorders among different degree of myopia groups (χ 2=24.57,P<0.01), including sleep time, progressive function and PSQI total score were statistically significant (F=9.65, 7.22, 4.38, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that moderate to high and high myopia were risk factors for sleep quality of adolescents (β=0.87, 0.95, OR=2.38, 2.59, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of myopia and sleep disorder among adolescents in Baoshan District of Shanghai is high, myopia shows impacts on sleep quality of adolescents at a certain level. Adolescents with high myopia have a higher risk of sleep disorders.

Mechanism of DAIa2GIP inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis in chondrocytes / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: The previous research of our group has shown that DAIa2GIP, a new analogue of glucose dependent insulin stimulating polypeptide, has a protective effect on chondrocytes, but its mechanism is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of DAIa2GIP on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induced apoptosis of chondrocytes, and to explore its molecular biological mechanism. METHODS: The costal chondrocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats were extracted and identified by SABC immunohistochemistry. The third generation cells were divided into six groups: (1) normal control group; (2) IL-1β induction group; (3) DAIa2GIP+IL-1β induction group; (4) DAIa2GIP+IL-1β+pro3GIP (GIPR antagonists) induction group; (5) DAIa2GIP induction group; (6) pro3GIP induction group. After 48 hours of drug treatment, mitochondrial membrane potential was tested, cell apoptosis was detected using Annexin-V FITC Kit (phosphatidylserine eversion analysis), calcium overload of cells was determined under laser confocal microscope, and cytochrome C content were measured by ELISA. The study protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanxi Medical University. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: SABC immunohistochemical staining showed that collagen II could be developed as chondrocytes; the maintenance degree of mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly higher in the IL-1β+DAIa2GIP incubation group than the IL-1β induction group, but the potential in both groups was lower than that in the normal control group. The apoptotic rate of chondrocytes in the IL-1β+DAIa2GIP incubation group was significantly lower than that in the IL-1β induction group, but the apoptotic rate in both groups was higher than that in the normal control group. The degree of calcium overload was compared with fluorescence intensity, and the result showed that the IL-1β+DAIa2GIP incubation group had a significantly higher intensity than the IL-1β induction group, and the fluorescence intensity in both groups was higher than that in the normal control group. The release of chondrocyte mitochondrial cytochrome C in the IL-1β+DAIa2GIP incubation group was significantly lower than that in the IL-1β induction group (P < 0.01), and the release amount in both groups was significantly higher than that in the normal control group (P < 0.01). The above four indicators showed no significant difference between the IL-1β induction group and the DAIa2GIP+IL-1β+pro3GIP group, but the values in both groups were lower than those in the control group. There was no significant difference among the normal control group, DAIa2GIP induction group, and pro3GIP induction group. To conclude, DALa2GIP can effectively antagonize IL-1β induced mitochondrial dysfunction of rat chondrocytes, thus antagonizing chondrocyte apoptosis. In this process, DALa2GIP can effectively reduce the degree of calcium overload and the release of cytochrome C.

Feature of the angulation between left pulmonary artery and main pulmonary artery and its relationship to pulmonary artery development in patients with tetralogy of Fallot / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To investigate the feature of the angulation between left pulmonary artery (LPA) and main pulmonary artery (MPA) and its relationship to pulmonary artery development in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Methods    A total of 101 TOF patients in West China Hospital from 2014 to 2018 were enrolled in a TOF group, including 62 males and 39 females, aged 6.8 (0.3-45.8) years, and another 20 patients without basic cardiac diseases at the same stage were enrolled in a control group, including 10 males and 10 females, aged 6.9 (0.3-54.0) years. Diameters of LPA, right pulmonary artery (RPA) and MPA, the angulation between LPA and MPA (MPA-LPA), McGoon ratio, and Nakata index were measured and compared between the two groups. The relationship between the above data and MPA-LPA angulation was also analyzed. Results    The average MPA-LPA angulation was smaller in the TOF group than that in the control group (113.63° vs. 128.45°, P=0.001 8). The MPA Z score was also smaller in the TOF group than that in the control group (0.46 vs. 2.75, P=0.000 4). No relationship was found by correlation analysis between the MPA-LPA angulation and MPA Z score or LPA Z score in the control group (P=0.239 6, 0.114 7) and the TOF group (P=0.759 3, 0.242 7). The McGoon ratios (2.22±0.72, 2.43±0.94, P=0.340 0) and Nakata index (359.3±294.24, 395.52±329.31, P=0.650 0) were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion    The angulation of LPA-MPA and MPA Z score are smaller in the TOF group than those in the control group. There is no relationship between MPA-LPA angulation and pulmonary artery diameters. The LPA-MPA angulation should not be considered as an influence factor for LPA development and trans-annular patch surgery.

Psychological responses and related factors of college students in Shaan’xi during COVID-19 outbreak / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the psychological responses and related factors of college students in Shaan’xi during the outbreak of COVID-19, in order to provide reference for the psychological intervention for college students.@*Methods@#A self-designed general data questionnaire and Psychological Questionnaires for Emergent Events of Public Health(PQEEPH) were sent out to students in public university aged 18 to 28 years by Wechat APP from February 7th to 9th, 2020. Univariate and Logistic analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors associated with NCP.@*Results@#The scores of the five factors on the PQEEPH scale were (0.29±0.48) for depression, (0.27±0.46) for neurasthenia, (0.92±0.60) for fear, (0.15±0.34) for obsessive-anxiety, and (0.26±0.44) for hypochondria，The score of fear factors were the highest. And 15.4% had depressive emotional deviation, accounting for the highest proportion of emotional deviation, and the proportion of compulsive anxiety emotional disorder was highest, which accounting for 6.4%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the higher grades were risk factors for depression (OR=1.61, 95%CI=1.05-2.47), obsessive anxiety (OR=1.56, 95%CI=1.05-2.31) and hypochondria (OR=2.01, 95%CI=1.16-3.47) disorders, Non-medical specialties is risk factor for fear disorders (OR=2.16, 95%CI=1.18-3.95)，not believing oneself to be in danger in the face of the epidemic was a protective factor for five types of mood disorders (OR=0.17-0.51), and residence in towns and villages was a protective factor for neurasticity disorders (OR=0.58, 95%CI=0.38-0.87), the gender of female was the protective factor of hypochondria emotional disorder (OR=0.34, 95%CI=0.19-0.62)(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#During outbreak of COVID-19, psychological intervention counselling and health education of college students should be strengthened. Moreover, psychological problems need be screened in time for intervention, so as to reduce panic and other adverse psychological conditions of students.

Fear-related emotional disorder in response to coronavirus disease 2019 in college students / 预防医学

Objective@#To understand and explore the fear-related emotional disorder and its influencing factors among college students during the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19）, in order to provide reference for the further health education and psychological intervention. @*Methods@#A self-designed questionnaire for general data and Psychological Questionnaires for Emergent Events of Public Health （PQEEPH） were typed in www.wjx.cn and sent out to the students of four univerties in Xi'an by WeChat from February 7th to 9th,2020. The status and influencing factors of fear-related emotional disorder in response to COVID-19 were analyzed. @*Results@#Totally 1 546 valid questionnaire were collected. The average age of the students was （20.24±1.60）years old. There were 761 males（49.22%）and 785（50.78%）females;499 medical students （32.27%）and 1 047 non-medical students（67.72%）. The average score of fear dimension was 0.90±0.59,which was the highest in PQEEPH. Moreover, 280 students had fear-related emotional deviance,accounting for 18.11%,and 57 students had fear-related emotional disorder,accounting for 3.69%. The rate of fear-related emotional disorder was significantly higher in non-medical students（4.58%）than in medical students（1.80%,P<0.05）. The rate of fear-related emotional disorder was significantly higher in the students who considered themselves close to COVID-19（4.22%）and at risk of COVID-19（5.45%） than in the students who did not（1.94% and 0.98%,both P<0.05）. @*Conclusions@#Totally 3.69% of the students from universities in Xi'an suffer from fear-related emotional disorder in response to COVID-19. The students who do not major in medicine are prone to developing fear-related emotional disorder.

Impact of body characteristics on ultrasound-measured inferior vena cava parameters in Chinese children

Ultrasound-measured inferior vena cava (IVC) and abdominal aorta (Ao)-associated parameters have been used to predict volume status for decades, yet research focusing on the impact of individual physical characteristics, including gender, height/weight, body surface area (BSA), and age, assessed simultaneously on those parameters in Chinese children is lacking. The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of individual characteristics on maximum IVC diameter (IVCmax), Ao, and IVCmax/Ao in healthy Chinese children. From September to December 2015, 200 healthy children from 1 to 13 years of age were enrolled. IVCmax and Ao diameters were measured by 2D ultrasound. We found that age (years), height (cm), weight (kg), waist circumference (cm), and BSA (m2) were positively correlated with IVCmax and Ao. Multivariate linear regression showed that age was the only independent variable for IVCmax (mm) in female children, height was the only independent variable for IVCmax in male children, and age was the only independent variable for Ao in both females and males. IVCmax/Ao was not significantly influenced by the subjects' characteristics. In conclusion, IVCmax and Ao were more susceptible to subjects' characteristics than IVCmax/Ao. IVCmax/Ao could be a reliable and practical parameter in Chinese children as it was independent of age, height, and weight.

Effects of nuclear factor 5 of activated T cells on proliferation and apoptosis of human gastric cancer MGC803 cells / 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志

@#Objective: To investigate the effects of nuclear factor 5 of activated T cells (NFAT5) on proliferation and apoptosis of human gastric cancer MGC803 cells and to explore the possible mechanisms. Methods: Three siRNAs targeting NFAT5 gene (siRNA2567, siRNA2714 and siRNA4562) and one negative control siRNA were designed and chemically synthesized before transfected into human gastric cancer cell line MGC803 by liposome. Real-time PCR was used to detect the changes of N F AT 5 mRNA expression in MGC803 cells to further pick out the siRNA that most effectively inhibit the expression of N F AT 5 . Further, Real-time PCR and Western blotting assay were carried out to test mRNAand protein levels of NFAT5 and S100A4 in cells 48 h after N F AT 5 -siRNAtransfection. Then, CCK-8 assay and FCM assay were used to detect the influence of silencing N F AT 5 on cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Results: siRNA2567 was the most effective siRNA that significantly inhibited the expression of N F AT 5 mRNA ( P <0.01), and thus was validated as NFAT5-siRNA. Real-time PCR and Western blotting assay confirmed that both mRNA and protein levels of NFAT5 and S100A4 were down-regulated in cells 48 h after N F AT 5 -siRNAtransfection. Compared with NC-siRNAgroup, the proliferation ability of MGC803 cells in the N F AT 5 siRNAgroup was significantly down-regulated at 72 h and 96 h ( P <0.01).And FCM assay showed that compared with NC-siRNA group, cell apoptosis rate of N F AT 5 -siRNA group was significantly increased from (2.7±0.2)% to (7.9±0.2)%, ( P <0.01) 48 h after N F AT 5 -siRNA transfection. Conclusion: N F AT 5 -siRNA transfection can silence N F AT 5 gene expression in gastric cancer MGC803 cells effectively. N F AT 5 may inhibit proliferation and promote cell apoptosis of gastric cancer cells possibly through regulating S100A4 expression.

Upregulated long noncoding RNA SPRY4‑IT1 contributes to increased cell viability by activating zinc finger 703 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The function of long noncoding RNA SPRY4‑IT1 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has been showed in the former studies. The purpose of this study was to further analyze the underlined mechanisms responsible for its role in ESCC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was firstly used to measure the expression of SPRY4‑IT1 in 50 ESCC patients of different clinical stages. Loss of function approach was then applied to confirm the biological function, especially cell viabilities in cultured ESCC cells, by cell counting kit‑8 and clonogenic assay. We further used western blot to reveal the activation of zinc finger 703 (ZNF703) by SPRY4‑IT1. RESULTS: We validated that SPRY4‑IT1 was upregulated in ESCC tissues of advanced clinical stages. In vitro function assays demonstrated that SPRY4‑IT1 cause promotion of cell viability in ESCC cells. We further verified that SPRY4‑IT1 could also activate the expression of ZNF703 in ESCC cells, which might contribute to the role of SPRY4‑IT1 in ESCC cells. CONCLUSION: SPRY4‑IT1 is a vital regulator in ESCC progression, and the SPRY4‑IT1/ZNF703 axis might provide novel clues for future ESCC therapy.

Whole-genome sequencing of a Plasmodium vivax isolate from the China-Myanmar border area

Currently, there is a trend of an increasing number of Plasmodium vivaxmalaria cases in China that are imported across its Southeast Asia border, especially in the China-Myanmar border area (CMB). To date, little is known about the genetic diversity of P. vivaxin this region. In this paper, we report the first genome sequencing of a P. vivaxisolate (CMB-1) from a vivax malaria patient in CMB. The sequencing data were aligned onto 96.43% of the P. vivaxSalvador I reference strain (Sal I) genome with 7.84-fold coverage as well as onto 98.32% of 14 Sal I chromosomes. Using the de novoassembly approach, we generated 8,541 scaffolds and assembled a total of 27.1 Mb of sequence into CMB-1 scaffolds. Furthermore, we identified all 295 known virgenes, which is the largest subtelomeric multigene family in malaria parasites. These results provide an important foundation for further research onP. vivaxpopulation genetics.

Probing into Second Pathological Factors of Sjögren's Syndrome / 中国中西医结合杂志

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease with unclear etiology. From the point of etiology, Chinese medicine (CM) theory holds that pathological products like dry toxin, blood stasis are produced in the pathological process. They are both pathologic results and pathogenic factors for its further development. So pathological products are also named as second pathogenic factors. In this article, the concept of second pathogenic factors was sorted and defined. Main second pathogenic factors of Sjögren's syndrome were pinpointed, and their modern medical bases were analyzed. Authors came to a conclusion that clearing away second pathogenic factors is a key point in treating Sjögren's syndrome.

Selection and application of ear reconstruction surgery for Chinese microtia / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Based on the different physiological characteristics of the mastoid skin and soft tissue of Chinese congenital microtia malformation, the Nagata two-stage method was respectively applied for ear reconstruction, and the clinic experience were investigated in this study.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>According to the mastoid skin and soft tissue difference in the thickness and tightness, 280 patients diagnosed with congenital microtia were divided into four types: thin and tight, thin and loose, thick and tight, thick and loose type. 90 cases of thin and loose type accepted the Nagata method of ear reconstruction surgery.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With average 7.8 months follow up, 84.4% (76/90) cases using Nagata two-stage method were satisfied with the outcome of the reconstructed ear including three dimensional position and subunit appearance. There were no postoperative complication related to chest wall deformity or affected normal physical function.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The Nagata two-stage method is appropriate management choice for Chinese congenital microtia. Based on the different physiological characteristics of the mastoid skin and soft tissue, the selection of different operational should be beneficial to the ear reconstruction of Chinese congenital microtia malformation.</p>

The first report of the vanC1 gene in Enterococcus faecium isolated from a human clinical specimen

The vanC1 gene, which is chromosomally located, confers resistance to vancomycin and serves as a species marker for Enterococcus gallinarum. Enterococcus faecium TJ4031 was isolated from a blood culture and harbours the vanC1gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were performed to detect vanXYc and vanTc genes. Only the vanXYc gene was found in the E. faecium TJ4031 isolate. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin and teicoplanin were 2 µg/mL and 1 µg/mL, respectively. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR results revealed that the vanC1and vanXYc genes were not expressed. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and southern hybridisation results showed that the vanC1 gene was encoded in the chromosome. E. faecalis isolated from animals has been reported to harbour vanC1gene. However, this study is the first to report the presence of the vanC1gene in E. faecium of human origin. Additionally, our research showed the vanC1gene cannot serve as a species-specific gene of E. gallinarum and that it is able to be transferred between bacteria. Although the resistance marker is not expressed in the strain, our results showed that E. faecium could acquire the vanC1gene from different species.

Analysis of risk factors for anastomotic infectious complications following bowel resection for Crohn disease / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the risk factors for anastomotic infectious complications after bowel resection in patients with Crohn disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of 124 patients with Crohn disease undergoing bowel resection between January 1990 and October 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. The risk factors were identified by χ(2) test and Logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fourteen patients (12.3%, 14/114) developed anastomotic infectious complications in the postoperative period, including anastomotic leak (n=7), intra-abdominal abscess (n=6), and enterocutaneous fistula (n=1). Crohn disease activity index (CDAI)>150 (OR=2.185, 95%CI:1.098-6.256, P=0.040), steroid usage (OR=2.674, 95%CI:1.118-8.786, P=0.027), and the presence of preoperative abscess/fistula (OR=3.447, 95%CI:1.254-10.462, P=0.014) were identified as independent risk factors of anastomotic infectious complications. In the absence of these 3 risk factors, the rate of anastomotic infectious complication was 5.7% (3/53), which increased to 11.4% (4/35) when one risk factor was present, 21.1% (4/19) when two risk factors were present, and 42.9% (3/7) when all the 3 risk factors were present.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CDAI>150, steroid usage and preoperative abscess/fistula are associated with higher rates of anastomotic infectious complications following bowel resection for Crohn disease. A prudent management should be carried out if risk factors can not be eliminated preoperatively.</p>

Effect of streptozotocin on learning memory and JNK signaling pathway in APP/PS1 transgenic mice / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of streptozotocin (STZ) on learning,memory and expression of p-MKK4,p-JNK and p-Jun in APP transgenic mice.Methods Three-month-old APP/PS1 mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ.Learning and memory function was performed by Morris water maze.The changes of neuronal morphology in hippocampum were observed by Nissl staining.The expression of MKK4,JNK and c-Jun were detected in hippocampal tissues by Western blotting.Results In the hidden platform experiment of Morris maze,the escape latencies and the pathway length of STZ-induced diabetic mice were longer than those in controls from the 2nd to 5th day(P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).The Nissl staining showed that some neurons in hippocampum of STZ-treated mice were displayed changes of injury.Compared with the vehicle control,the expression levels of pJNK and p-c-Jun were increased by 217.78 ± 23.49 and 189.27 ± 17.80,respectively (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion STZ can decrease the learning and memory function and injury the neurons,which maybe relate to the JNK signal pathway.